History of Indian Currency: How The Rupee Changed

The word ‘rupee’ has been derived from the Sanskrit word rupyakam, meaning a silver coin. It owes its origin to rupiya, issued by Sher Shah Suri in 1540-45. Today, the Reserve Bank of India issues currency under the RBI Act 1934. ET traces the history of rupee from the British era to now.

1540-45
Silver coin issued by Sher Shah Suri. It remained in use during the Mughal period, Maratha era and British India.

1770-1832
Earliest paper rupees issued by Bank of Hindostan (1770– 1832), General Bank of Bengal and Bihar (1773–75), and Bengal Bank (1784–91).

1 Apr 1935
Reserve Bank of India is set up.

Jan 1938
First note of Rs 5 issued by the Reserve Bank

Feb-Jun 1938
Rs 10, Rs 100, Rs 1,000 and Rs 10,000 issued

Aug 1940
Rs 1 note reintroduced. Rs 1 was first introduced on 30 Nov 1917, followed by Rs 2 and 8 annas, and was discontinued on 1 Jan 1926.

Mar 1943
Rs 2 introduced

1950
First post-Independence coins issued in 1 pice, 1.2, one and two annas, 1.4, 1.2 and Rs 1 denominations.

1953
Hindi was displayed prominently on the new notes, and plural of rupaya 1954 was decided to be rupiye.

1954
High denomination notes of Rs 1,000, Rs 5,000, and Rs 10,000 reintroduced.

1957
Rupee was decimalised and divided into 100 naye paise.

1957-67
Aluminium one-, two-, three-, five- and ten-paise coins introduced.

1967
Sizes of notes reduced due to the lean period of the early Sixties.

1980
New notes issued with symbols of science & tech (Aryabhatta on Rs 2 note), progress (oil rig on Rs 1 and farm mechanisation on Rs 5) and Indian art forms on Rs 20 and Rs 10 notes (Konark wheel, peacock).

Oct 1987
Rs 500 note introduced due to the growing economy and fall in purchasing power.

1988
Stainless steel coin of 10, 25 and 50 paise introduced.

1992
Rs 1 and Rs 5 coins in stainless steeel introduced.

1996
The Mahatma Gandhi series of notes issued, starting with Rs 10 and Rs 500 notes. This series has replaced all notes of the Lion capital series. A changed watermark, windowed security thread, latent image and intaglio features for the visually handicapped were the new features.

2005-8
New 50 paise, Rs 1, Rs 2 and Rs 5 stainless steel coins introduced.

2009
The printing of Rs 5 notes (which had stopped earlier) resumed.

July 2010
New symbol ‘Rs ’ is officially adopted.

2011
25 paise coin and all paise coins below it demonetised. New series of 50 paise coins and Rs 1, Rs 2, Rs 5 and Rs 10 notes with the new rupee symbol introduced.

2012
New ‘Rs ’ sign is incorporated in notes of the Mahatma Gandhi series in denominations of Rs 10, Rs 20, Rs 50, Rs 100, Rs 500 and Rs 1,000.

Nov 2016
Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 notes discontinued and new Rs 500 and Rs 2,000 notes introduced.

Demonetised!
When notes and coins were withdrawn in the past.

12 Aug 1946
Rs 500, Rs 1,000 and Rs 10,000 notes were demonetised to control black money.

1954
High denomination notes of Rs 1,000, Rs 5,000, and Rs 10,000 reintroduced.

16 Jan 1978
Denominations higher than Rs 100 demonetised again to control the menace of black money.

1987 & 2000
While Rs 500 note was issued in 1987, the Rs 1,000 note was reintroduced in the year 2000.

1995 
Rs 1 and Rs 2 notes were removed from circulation.

2011
25 paise and all paise coins below this denomination were withdrawn.

The preindependence british series
The Paper Currency Act of 1861 gave the British government the monopoly to issue notes in India.

Victoria portrait series
The series comprised the first British India notes—Rs 10, Rs 20, Rs 50, Rs 100, Rs 1,000. These were unifaced, carried two language panels and were printed on hand-moulded paper.

Underprint series
In 1867, the Victoria Portrait series, withdrawn due to forgeries, was replaced by this series. Initially, notes were legally encashable only in the Currency Circle in which they were issued, but in 1903-11, Rs 5, Rs 10, Rs 50 and Rs 100 were universalised.

Small denomination notes
Paper currency of small denominations was started due to the first World War, with Rs 1 introduced on 30 November 1917.

King’s portrait series
This series carried the portrait of George V and was started in May 1923 with Rs 10 note and included Rs 5, Rs 10, Rs 50, Rs 100, Rs 500, Rs 1000, and Rs 10,000. This continued till 1935 when the Reserve Bank of India was set up.


Indian Currency Demonetization: Advantages and Disadvantages

The government of India recently took a bold step to demonetize Rs 500 and Rs 1000 currency, which means that the legal tender of currency units is declared invalid from the specified date. 
Demonetization of currency means discontinuity of the said currency from circulation and replacing it with a new currency.
Most of the people hailed the Modi's strong decision, while poor were shocked by the move. The overnight decision changed the life of many as black money holders were worried about the pile of cash they were sitting on. Many poor daily wage workers were left with no job and income as owners were unable to pay their daily wage.

It is no doubt a bold step taken by the government which will definitely help India to become corruption-free. Here are some advantages and disadvantages of de-monetization:

Black Money tracking 

This move will help the government to track unaccounted black money or cash on which income tax has not been paid. Individuals who are sitting on a pile of cash usually do not deposit the amount in the bank or invest anywhere as they would be required to show income or submit PAN for any valid financial transactions. They would hide it somewhere and use it as and when necessary. Banning high-value currency will impact people who will have no option, but, to declare income and pay tax on the same or destroy the cash somehow. Now, it is not possible to hide the money as the notes have been declared invalid.

Reduction in illegal activity 

Banning high-value currency will halt  illegal activity as the cash provided for such activities has no value now. Black money is usually used to fund the illegal activity, terrorism, and money laundering. Fake currency circulation will come to a halt in a single shot. Corrupt officers, money launderers are under threat as Income tax department is taking all the measures to track such people.

Tax payment 

Most of the businessmen who have been hiding some income are ready to pay advance tax as current year's income. Tax payers who have been hiding some income can come forward to declare income and pay tax on the same. Individuals are required to submit PAN for any deposit above Rs 50,000 in cash, which will help tax department to track individuals with high denominations. Also, deposit up to Rs 2.5 lakh will not come under Income tax scrutiny.

Jan Dhan Yojana 

Now individuals are depositing enough cash in their Jan Dhan accounts which they were reluctant to do so a few days back. The amount deposited can be used for the betterment of the country.

Disadvantages of Currency Demonetization 

It may cause inconvenience for initial few days for those who have to start running to the banks to exchange notes, deposit amount or withdraw the same. The situation can turn chaotic if there is a delay in the circulation of new currency. Individuals who have an upcoming wedding are the ones who have to make alternative arrangements to make payments. However, the government has given higher withdrawal limit in such cases.

Cost of currency destruction 

After the news, we have seen that many individuals have burnt their cash and discarded the same, which is a loss to the economy. The government has to bear the cost of printing of new currency and its circulation. It makes sense when benefits of demonetization are higher. The cost of currency printing is a burden on the tax payers and is one of the many disadvantages of de-monetization.

Conclusion

There are only advantages of demonetization in the long term. The government is taking all the necessary steps and actions to meet the currency demand and ensure the smooth flow of new currency.

New notes now in circulation 

We now have new notes in circulation with denomination of Rs 2,000 for the very first time. There are also new Rs 500 notes in circulation, which are very thin and have great security features. So, now there is whole lot of new currency that is in circulation. There are also plans to include new currency in other smaller denominations, especially Rs 100. In any case, nobody seems to be unduly worried now that the entire demonetization episode and the time frame to exchange the old notes now stands completed.

RBI on demonetization 

The government had announced demonetization of Rs 1000 and Rs 500 note on November 8, 2016. A demonetization is a tool useful for eradication of black money. After demonetization of Rs 1000 and Rs 500, the government introduced new Rs 500 but not Rs 1000. Instead of Rs 1000, the new Rs 2000 introduced not only these the RBI printed new RS 200 notes. Many now argue that the process of demonetization had little impact on balck money, given that 99 per cent of the notes were surrendered back to the bank. The cash ban had forced the RBI to print new notes and in new denominations.


ABOUT INDIAN ECONOMY GROWTH RATE & STATISTICS

Introduction

India has emerged as the fastest growing major economy in the world and is expected to be one of the top three economic powers of the world over the next 10-15 years, backed by its strong democracy and partnerships.

Market size

India’s GDP is estimated to have increased 6.6 per cent in 2017-18 and is expected to grow 7.3 per cent in 2018-19. In April-July quarter of 2018-19, the GDP grew by 8.2 per cent.

India has retained its position as the third largest startup base in the world with over 4,750 technology startups, with about 1,400 new start-ups being founded in 2016, according to a report by NASSCOM.

India's labour force is expected to touch 160-170 million by 2020, based on rate of population growth, increased labour force participation, and higher education enrolment, among other factors, according to a study by ASSOCHAM and Thought Arbitrage Research Institute.

India's foreign exchange reserves were US$ 400.49 billion in the week up to September 14, 2018, according to data from the RBI.

Recent Developments

With the improvement in the economic scenario, there have been various investments in various sectors of the economy. The M&A activity in India increased 53.3 per cent to US$ 77.6 billion in 2017 while private equity (PE) deals reached US$ 24.4 billion. Some of the important recent developments in Indian economy are as follows:

Exports from India increased 20.7 per cent year-on-year to US$ 221.83 billion in April-August 2018.
Nikkei India Manufacturing Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) was at 51.7 in August 2018, showing expansion in the sector.
Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity in the country has reached US$ 74.8 billion in 2018 (up to August).
Income tax collection in the country reached Rs 10.03 lakh crore (US$ 137.75 billion) in 2017-18.
Companies in India have raised around Rs 21,000 crore (US$ 2.88 billion) through Initial Public Offers (IPO) in 2018 (up to August).
India's Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) equity inflows reached US$ 389.60 billion between April 2000 and June 2018, with maximum contribution from services, computer software and hardware, telecommunications, construction, trading and automobiles.
India's Index of Industrial Production (IIP) rose 5.4 per cent year-on-year in April-July 2018.
Retail inflation in the country was at a 10 month low of 3.69 per cent in August 2018, while wholesale inflation was at 4.53 per cent.
Around 10.8 million jobs were created in India in 2017.

The top 100 companies in India are leading in the world in terms of disclosing their spending on corporate social responsibility (CSR), according to a 49-country study by global consultancy giant, KPMG.

The bank recapitalisation plan by Government of India is expected to push credit growth in the country to 15 per cent, according to a report by Ambit Capital.
India has improved its ranking in the World Bank's Doing Business Report by 30 spots over its 2017 ranking and is ranked 100 among 190 countries in 2018 edition of the report.
India's ranking in the world has improved to 126 in terms of its per capita GDP, based on purchasing power parity (PPP) as it increased to US$ 7,170 in 2017, as per data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

India is expected to have 100,000 startups by 2025, which will create employment for 3.25 million people and US$ 500 billion in value, as per Mr T V Mohan Das Pai, Chairman, Manipal Global Education.

The World Bank has stated that private investments in India is expected to grow by 8.8 per cent in FY 2018-19 to overtake private consumption growth of 7.4 per cent, and thereby drive the growth in India's gross domestic product (GDP) in FY 2018-19.
Moody’s upgraded India’s sovereign rating in November 2017 after 14 years to Baa2 with a stable economic outlook.

Government Initiatives

The Union Budget for 2018-19 was announced by Mr Arun Jaitley, Union Minister for Finance, Government of India, in Parliament on February 1, 2018. This year’s budget will focus on uplifting the rural economy and strengthening of the agriculture sector, healthcare for the economically less privileged, infrastructure creation and improvement in the quality of education of the country. As per the budget, the government is committed towards doubling the farmers’ income by 2022. A total of Rs 14.34 lakh crore (US$ 196.94 billion) will be spent for creation of livelihood and infrastructure in rural areas. Budgetary allocation for infrastructure is set at Rs 5.97 lakh crore (US$ 81.99 billion) for 2018-19. All-time high allocations have been made to the rail and road sectors.

India's unemployment rate is expected to be 3.5 per cent in 2018, according to the International Labour Organisation (ILO).

Numerous foreign companies are setting up their facilities in India on account of various government initiatives like Make in India and Digital India. Mr. Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India, has launched the Make in India initiative with an aim to boost the manufacturing sector of Indian economy, to increase the purchasing power of an average Indian consumer, which would further boost demand, and hence spur development, in addition to benefiting investors. The Government of India, under the Make in India initiative, is trying to give boost to the contribution made by the manufacturing sector and aims to take it up to 25 per cent of the GDP from the current 17 per cent. Besides, the Government has also come up with Digital India initiative, which focuses on three core components: creation of digital infrastructure, delivering services digitally and to increase the digital literacy.

Some of the recent initiatives and developments undertaken by the government are listed below:

The Union Cabinet gave its approval to the North-East Industrial Development Scheme (NEIDS) 2017 in March 2018 with an outlay of Rs 3,000 crores (US$ 460 million) up to March 2020.
Around 855,000 houses have been constructed up to August 21 2018, under Government of India’s housing scheme named Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban).
Village electrification in India was completed in April 2018.

Around 10.16 million households have been electrified up to August 09, 2018 under the Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana (SAUBHAGYA).

Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) will be continued with an outlay of Rs 5,500 crore (US$ 755.36 million) for three years from 2017-18 to 2019-20, according to the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA).

In February 2018, The Union Cabinet Committee has approved setting up of National Urban Housing Fund (NUHF) for Rs 60,000 crore (US$ 8.24 billion) which will help in raising requisite funds in the next four years.

The target of an Open Defecation Free (ODF) India will be achieved by October 2, 2019 as adequate funding is available to the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin), according to Ms Uma Bharti, Minister of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India.

The Government of India has decided to invest Rs 2.11 trillion (US$ 32.9 billion) to recapitalise public sector banks over the next two years and Rs 7 trillion (US$ 109.31billion) for construction of new roads and highways over the next five years.

The mid-term review of India's Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2015-20 has been released by Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India, under which annual incentives for labour intensive MSME sectors have been increased by 2 per cent.

The India-Japan Act East Forum, under which India and Japan will work on development projects in the North-East Region of India will be a milestone for bilateral relations between the two countries, according to Mr Kenji Hiramatsu, Ambassador of Japan to India.

The Government of India will spend around Rs 1 lakh crore (US$ 13.73 billion) during FY 18-20 to build roads in the country under Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY).
The Government of India plans to facilitate partnerships between gram panchayats, private companies and other social organisations, to push for rural development under its 'Mission Antyodaya' and has already selected 50,000 panchayats across the country for the same.
The Government of India and the Government of Portugal have signed 11 bilateral agreements in areas of outer space, double taxation, and nano technology, among others, which will help in strengthening the economic ties between the two countries.

Road Ahead

India's gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to reach US$ 6 trillion by FY27 and achieve upper-middle income status on the back of digitisation, globalisation, favourable demographics, and reforms.

India's revenue receipts are estimated to touch Rs 28-30 trillion (US$ 385-412 billion) by 2019, owing to Government of India's measures to strengthen infrastructure and reforms like demonetisation and Goods and Services Tax (GST).

India is also focusing on renewable sources to generate energy. It is planning to achieve 40 per cent of its energy from non-fossil sources by 2030 which is currently 30 per cent and also have plans to increase its renewable energy capacity from to 175 GW by 2022.

India is expected to be the third largest consumer economy as its consumption may triple to US$ 4 trillion by 2025, owing to shift in consumer behaviour and expenditure pattern, according to a Boston Consulting Group (BCG) report; and is estimated to surpass USA to become the second largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP) by the year 2040, according to a report by PricewaterhouseCoopers.

STORY OF THE MONTH (WE ARE BACK)

STORY OF THE MONTH
A Proprietorship firm (name with held) located at Mira Road was incorporated on 9th, March’ 2018. The firm is involved into import of scrap and selling it domestically. In spite of the firm having achieved sales of Rs. 473.00 lacs and proposing collateral security to avail loan, it was denied loans due to following reasons: • The firm didn’t had financials for more than 1 year. • The ITR as at March’ 18 was not audited. • The firm was newly incorporated. • The firm was in need of Rs. 125.00 lacs as working capital against collateral valued at Rs. 100.00 lacs. After meeting us, we were able to help the firm to avail following facilities: • Letter of Credit (LC) limit for Rs. 100.00 lacs for import of scrap. (Margin @25%) • Cash Credit (CC) limit of Rs. 25.00 lacs. • Both the facilities against collateral of Rs. 100.00 lacs. • Both facilities with PSU Bank. As per working capital norms, even a fresh entrepreneur is eligible for working capital limits.
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Economic life after Covid-19: Lessons from the Black Death

All upheavals leave their marks. Some fade away, some linger. Following the Black Death, the plague that’s believed to have killed 60% of ...